Public Sector Ethics Concerns the Moral Requirements of...

INTRODUCTION Government and society cannot promote and enforce ethical behavior solely throughthe utilization of ethical codes of conduct or through the enforcement oflegislation. Communities tend to equate moral values and moral norms with values andnorms, which apply only to personal dealings. Public sector ethics concerns the moral requirements of public servants in that they are paid for and expected to offer the people. In terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996, all government departments are required to be efficient whichincludes observing particular ethical codes of conduct (Raga and Taylor, 2008). In this regard, this essay will be discussing the ethical standards and values expected of public†¦show more content†¦The importance of articulating ethics and the values that define and underpin the public service, cannot be underscored. This is seen as critical to providing both public officials and the public with a common frame of reference regard ing the principles and standards to be applied and in assisting public officials to develop an appreciation of the ethical issues involved in effective and efficient public service delivery (Hondeghem, 1998:30). An example of the importance attached to the above-mentioned ethical principles is found in the Seven Principles of Public Life by the Nolan Committee in the United Kingdom. The principles below, which are set out for the benefit of all who serve the public provide a valuable framework for evaluating recent experience and consider the future. This should be viewed against the background of the distinction between what is and what to be. Selflessness: Public officials should take decisions solely in terms of the public interest. They should not do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family or their friends. Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties. Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including makingShow MoreRelatedInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesprinted on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811257-7 MHID 0-07-811257-5 Vice President Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President, EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether-David Editorial Director: Paul Ducham Managing Developmental Editor: Laura Hurst Spell Developmental Editor: Jane Beck Associate Marketing Manager: Jaime Halteman Project Manager: Erin Melloy Buyer: Kara Kudronowicz Design Coordinator:Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesYork San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: JudyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook

The Writings Of John Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau

The writings of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau have had a significant impact on the controversy of what constitutes legitimate political power. They both believe in man’s natural mortality, and they also state that creating a social contract and legitimate government is necessary to avoid conflict. Both philosophers hold different perspectives and opinions, however they are both concerned with the same question: What renders exercises of a political power legitimate? Rousseau and Locke have several similarities within their theories, but there are also a number of substantial differences. Rousseau’s theory can be viewed as much more absolutist compared to Locke’s, because Rousseau believes that the legitimacy of political power is†¦show more content†¦Thus, the citizens become a collective body called the â€Å"sovereign†, which is considered to be the supreme authority of the state. The sovereign acts based upon the interest of the common g ood, or the â€Å"general will†. The sovereign also exercises their political power through laws, which must ensure equality and liberty. Locke defines political power as â€Å"the right of making laws with penalties of death [†¦] for the regulating and preserving of property [†¦] and in the defence of the common-wealth from foreign injury; and all this only for the public good† (8). However, he makes clear of the fact that a political power without the consent of all individuals, is not legitimate. Locke writes that â€Å"no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent. The only way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society, is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community† (Locke 52). In other words, he says that a political society does not exist unless individuals consensually form into one. John Locke claims that men are naturally born free and equal, however they give up some of their rights to the government in order to preserve their property (64). Governmen ts only exist because of the consent of the people, and they serve the purpose of protecting the rights of individuals in a society, as well as promoting common good. Locke thenShow MoreRelatedThe Political Writings Of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau1772 Words   |  8 PagesThe political writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau focus a great deal of their work discussing various views of the state of nature, and the human nature for the establishment of political authority. These three theorists have many differing opinions of the purpose and reality of the state of nature, the purpose of government and the impact of founders and how men secure their rights. In the Leviathan, Hobbes believes that the state of nature is a constant state of warRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau And The Declaration Of Independence Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau was an Enlightenment thinker during the eighteenth century and is most noted f or his work The Social Contract. The Social Contract published in 1762 and is a philosophical document that expresses the ideas of popular sovereignty. Popular Sovereignty is a form of government in which â€Å"the doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern, as trustees of such power, must exercise it in conformity with the general will.† This is basically a fancyRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 Pagestheory of the subject. The main thinkers that we will introduce in his essay are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Thesis Statement: Essentially, the social contract theory states that the individuals have abandoned their freedom to submit to the authority of the state and therefore the majority. The question of equality is also very predominating in the writing about the theory. In this essay, we will demonstrate that each of the three key political thinkersRead MoreJohn Locke And Rousseau s Impact On Western Political Development1593 Words   |  7 PagesDave Licause Early Modern European History Dr. Jason White 4 December 2015 Locke and Rousseau The Enlightenment saw many great thinkers, but maybe no other individuals had a greater impact on Western political development than John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke and Rousseau, at the core of their arguments, believed that mankind creates a social contract within society. However, Rousseau and Locke differ in their exact view of the social contract, but both agree that some individual rightsRead MoreJohn Locke’s Two Treatises of Government and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract1135 Words   |  5 Pageswell-known and most influential thinkers of this time were the English political philosopher John Locke and the French political philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. These two men had laid down some of the intellectual grounds of the modern day government and both had different opinions on what the government’s role in a society. John Locke published his Two Treatises of Government in 1690. In his writing Locke argued that individuals had the natural rights of life, liberty and property that the stateRead MorePolitical Theory: Property1369 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. The writings of Locke and Rousseau on property ownership are quite fascinating to compare. Both philosophers portray the early stages of man in what they refer to as the State of Nature. This paper takes a critical look at Rousseau’s conceptualization of private property and the state in relation to Locke’s works on the subject. Origins of Property in the State of Nature According to Locke, man is driven out of his primitiveRead MoreMoral Theories Of Human Rights1433 Words   |  6 Pagescoined by the philosophies of Emmanuel Kant, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill. These authors advocated for human rights in their philosophies. They brought in the aspect of political freedom, inequality and liberty within a society and also they dealt with the reality of moral theories by putting them into practice. It is apparent that the philosophers had an understanding of what human rights are. 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By analyzing each philosopher’s ideology, we can identify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of governmentRead MoreA Summary O f John Locke And Jean-Jacques Rousseau1651 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough education† (Norris, 2017, slide 20). John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were two important philosophers of education who showed an actual respect for children and â€Å"wrote treaties that advocated more child-centered, natural approaches for the development and education of the young† (Platz Arellano, 2011, p.54). Although they differed on the nature vs nurture debate, some teaching methods and the education of girls, Locke and Rousseau did agree on many theories and their influence

Essential of Marketing Strategies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Essential of Marketing Strategies. Answer: Introduction Constructing a marketing plan is essential to counter any challenge that might interrupt the expected outcome of the plan. Additionally, amarketing plan contains many essential elements in it; however, all such elements have different scope for different kinds of marketing plan (Krasnikov and Jayachandran 2013). The current study is aimed at online marketing for my fashion clothing organisation. This will need a systematic and a more structured planning to execute as per the expectations and to monitor the tracking of the progress. Marketing plan: Target customers The product chosen for promoting it online is the fashionable kids clothing. The first step will be defining the target customer with the promotion (Morgan 2012). The target customer for the products is definitely the kids; however, the promotion is aimed at attracting the baby boomer group. They are the one who all will purchase the cloths for their kids. Additionally, my organisation sells kids clothing of premium price, therefore the target customers will be upper-middle class in the UK. Selected platform Social media platforms will definitely be used; however, this is important to decide the feasible platform (Truong and Hall 2013). This will help in grab the attention of baby boomers and will help to reach the target audience. Additionally, my organisation will be using online marketing plan through Facebook and Twitter marketing strategy in order to reach the target customers. At present, Facebook is the largest social media site with 2 billion monthly active users and Twitter has 330 million users globally in 2017. Online marketing plan My organisations PR team is going to open social media accounts on Facebook and Twitter. Thereafter, we shall be discussing about the goals and USP of our kids clothing section. Through social media, it would be easier to reach the customers through short videos, images and texts. Facebook and Twitter provide the opportunity to give advertisements on their sites at minimum pricing. As the organisation is in UK, the PR team will research about demographics. Thereafter, the PR needs to choose the schedule of the Facebook and Twitter marketing. This is really important and this should be really attractive in social media pages. Innovation has a big role to play in planning the Ad content. The Ad content will include some connecting words such as yours. This will also include some emotional words such as comforting and relaxing. The Ad content will be full of few images of best selling cloths. This is required to influence the buying behaviour of customers. An Ad containing attractive conveyable messages with some attractive images, status, videos, texts, stories and links do help in grabs the attention of the customers (Smith, Fischer and Yongjian 2012). Engaging the users on Facebook and Twitter is most important thing and my PR team will interact first with the customers and in case, customers ask about any query, the PR team will answer back politely. In order to engage the customers on online marketing plan, it will need to enable the users to talk about the organisation. Moreover, PR team will also use the social media analytic tool in order to make customer satisfy and engage on social media. It is needed to lead the users into customers through social media. Posting the websites link on social media pages can increase the traffic on website. Activities Facebook Twitter Social media site focus Mainly content, images, stories Mainly videos and images Company brand presence Facebook Business Page Profile page (hashtag) Viral brand exposure Likes, comments and share Retweets or follows Impact on web traffic Direct link of website and e-commerce Direct link with content posted Advertising opportunities Facebook ads Premium ads Sponsored ads Promoted tweets Promoted trends Promoted accounts Content posting time Between 1pm 7pm Between 9pm 11pm Table: Social media marketing plan (Source: Self-develop) Budget This is another very important segment of the online marketing for the chosen product. This should be pre-planned in order to bear the expenditures required for the online marketing (Potocan 2016). The cost of online marketing will be approximately around 250 every month. The online marketing will continue till 12 months ever since its start. The cost is mentioned for a single month. Both Facebook and Twitter platforms will be used for 12 months in order to reach the target customers. Monitoring the online marketing campaign The tracking of the performance can be done with the help of some tricks such as assigning coupon or sales codes for placing each advertisement. It is important to measure the conversion rates at the selected social media platforms. This will be calculates based on hits per day. The number of hits per day will definitely tell that whether everything is going as according to the plan or there is a need to bring some changes in the existing ad quality (Ludwig et al. 2013). Moreover, ROI (Return of Investment) tactics can be helpful to understand the conversion rate (Berthon et al. 2012). Moreover, tracking and analysing the online activities can be done by social media analytical tools like Socialbakers, Google Analytics, Buffer, Buffer and others. My organisation will use Hotsuite software in order to engage the customers and to understand the minds of the customers. Approach to gain agreement for the marketing plan At first, building coalition among all the departments is needed and the online marketing plan will be sent to the departments for understanding. Thereafter, the approach to get the agreement on the constructed marketing plan will be to send an approval seeking letter to the senior department of the company. This is required as the required budget and the related resources need a significant investment. An investment can never happen without a proper concern from the companys directors. Additionally, a detailed plan including the expenses and the related activities are needed to be presented to the directors of the company. The marketing plan can never happen without a significant approval from the directors of the company (McDonald and Wilson 2016). The senior marketer needs to create a vision of the marketing plan it is more like a projection to the executive boards. Moreover, the originator of the plan must not leak all the information about the marketing before the presentation. Keeping the plan fresh and delivering the presentation with confidence pulls better chance to approve it. Evaluation measures for the marketing plan There are various ways, which can be used to measure or evaluate the effectiveness of an implemented marketing plan. Those ways include but are not limited to such as Return on Investment (ROI), Brand Value, Customer Satisfaction and Market Share. For the particular online marketing plan, two strategies will be sued to evaluate the effectiveness of it. The first of the strategy is the Brand Value. The purpose behind the online marketing was to get strong responses on the chosen products (Krasnikov and Jayachandran 2013). It all depends on how they execute the plan. This also depends hugely on the companys directors as their supports are utterly required. Their approval will only support the plan with the required funding and the related resources. Moreover, the Ad team needs to be innovative in giving the Ad an attractive look. It is indeed necessary that the Ad is worth grabbing. This simply means that the objective will serve in enhancing the brand recognition into a wider customer base. An online marketing will eventually help in reaching to a wider customer base. Moreover, the number of hit in the different chosen social media platforms for the chosen Ad will define the level of success achieved. The level of brand recognition will define a particular level of success achieved. Another method of evaluation will be the Market Share. An elevated market share will define the differences occurred due to the change marketing strategies. Market shares will only define the elevation when there is a rise in the sales or there is a good response to the chosen product line (Kumar and Mirchandani 2012). Conclusion The fashion clothing organisation has its significance presence in the United Kingdom or in some other parts of world. The company has earned good reputation in the retailing industry. However, the rising competition in the retailing industry for cheaper prices and quality product has created the urgency to have an effective strategy to capture the existing and the other new market with some effective marketing strategies. The study has exactly produced the same outcome. The senior marketing manager in the selected company has planned some effective online marketing strategies for some specifically highly selling products of it. The plan is very effective and so the selected product line. References Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Krasnikov, A. and Jayachandran, S., 2013, May. The relative impact of marketing, research-and-development, and operations capabilities on firm performance. American Marketing Association. Kumar, V. and Mirchandani, R., 2012. Increasing the ROI of social media marketing.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(1), p.55. Ludwig, S., De Ruyter, K., Friedman, M., Brggen, E.C., Wetzels, M. and Pfann, G., 2013. More than words: The influence of affective content and linguistic style matches in online reviews on conversion rates.Journal of Marketing,77(1), pp.87-103. McDonald, M. and Wilson, H., 2016.Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to profit from them. John Wiley Sons. Morgan, N.A., 2012. Marketing and business performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(1), pp.102-119. Potocan, V., 2016. Marketing Capabilities For Innovation-based Competitive Advantage in the Slovenian Market.Journal of Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences,6(1), pp.118-134. Serra, F., Pointon, J. and Abdou, H., 2012. Factors influencing the propensity to export: A study of UK and Portuguese textile firms.International Business Review,21(2), pp.210-224. Smith, A.N., Fischer, E. and Yongjian, C., 2012. How does brand-related user-generated content differ across YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter?.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(2), pp.102-113. Truong, V.D. and Hall, C.M., 2013. Social marketing and tourism: What is the evidence?.Social Marketing Quarterly,19(2), pp.110-135.

What is an ACID transaction free essay sample

ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is a set of database transaction management. For example, a transaction is made from one account to another account; a code first withdraws money from one account and then deposits it into the receiver account. There are two steps in this transaction; however there is possibility of failure. For example, the depositing step could fail while money has already withdrawn from the first account. ACID prevents this kind of failure by ensuring that every step of transaction is done. The ACID features of a database are important in any mission-critical business application; particularly in on-line transaction processing systems. The Atomicity refers the ability of database management system to guarantee that all the transactions have taken place. If some part of the transactions is not preceded then none of the transactions takes place. Atomic transaction ensures that transactions are committed entirely and not partially. Atomicity provides the â€Å"all or nothing† property of transactions which is critical in the database management system. We will write a custom essay sample on What is an ACID transaction? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The implementation of atomicity provides mechanisms to signify which transactions have been started and finished. It also can be implemented by keeping the data’s copy before any changes were made. Consistency makes sure that only valid data is sent to the database. It guarantees that the database is not left half-finished in a transaction. A consistency transaction does not violate any integrity constraints during execution. In this transaction, database is being aborted; if it is left in an illegal state.   If there is a failure in a part of the transaction, all of the changes are cancelled, leaving the database as before the transaction was initiated. Isolation separates transactions from one another; until the whole process is finished. For example, operator in one bank cannot see the transferred funds on both accounts. It can only see one of them. With isolation, the transaction history is being serialized.   This way, multiple transactions that occur at the same time will not give impact each other. It has four levels; serializable, repeatable read, read committed, and read uncommitted. Serializability is where the property of a schedule (history) being serializable. It prevents overlapping of two or several transactions at the same time. In the repeatable read level, the transaction receives read locks on all retrieved data, but does not receive range locks. During read committed level, read locks are acquired on selected data and then released immediately at the end of transaction. In the end, the in read uncommitted step, only one transaction may see uncommitted changes made by other transaction. Durability ensures that the database will keep track of the pending changes allowing server to recover from an abnormal termination. Durability use database backups and transaction logs to facilitate the restoration of committed transactions. Through this mechanism, the transaction can survive system failure including missing transactions. To implement durability, before acknowledging commitment, transaction’s log records are being burn to disk. However, in distributed transaction, all participating servers must know about all the stored data and check the consistency constraints, before commit can be acknowledged. The implementation of ACID is not a simple matter; transaction processing needs a number of small changes to be made, including updating indices, which are used to speed up searches. There is a huge   possibility that this operations sequence turns to fail due to several reasons; for example, it might run out of disk space. As arranging database to perform all these operations at once is a difficult takes; which makes its essential to apply two different techniques; write ahead and shadow paging. The locks are required on all updated information, however it   depends on the implementation of all the current read data.   In write ahead logging, atomicity is guaranteed by making sure that information about all changes is written to log; before it is written to the database. This would allow database to maintain consistency; if there is a system crash. However maintaining large number of locks can also result on substantial overhead or hurting concurrency. The alternative is the multi-version concurrency control. The database is responsible of taking care of some of the copies of any modified data. This way, the user is able to read data without acquiring any locks.   Without ACID system, everyday Internet occurrences; such as buying online products would be difficult; and there would be a huge potential of inaccuracy. Suppose a hundred people are buying the same product on the Internet; the ACID properties makes it possible for the merchant to keep these transactions from overlapping.   This helps the merchant to avoid faulty inventory and account balances. Passing the ACID test means that the appropriate data is safe to be stored, retrieved quickly and can be supported in multiple. It is a must for e-business or Web-based applications.   This is why a lot of companies and individuals apply enterprise-level of database systems, like IBM DB2 ® Universal Database, Oracle 10g, or Microsoft ® SQL Server, which fully compliant with the ACID test. Reference: Sushil Jajodia, Larry Kerschberg, (1997). Advanced Transaction Models and Architectures. Springer. Chapple, M (2002, Dec 13.). The ACID Model. Retrieved May 15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007, from http://databases.about.com/od/specificproducts/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a/acid.htm