Essay --

The Constitution permits much private religious activity in and about the public schools. Unfortunately, this aspect of constitutional law is not as well-known asui1 it should be. Some say that the Supreme Court has declared the public schools "religion-free zones" or that the law is so murky that school officials cannot know what is legally permissible. The former claim is simply wrong. And as to the latter, while there are some difficult issues, much has been settled. It is also unfortunately true that public school may not be as fully aware of this body of law as they could be. Many of the organizations are actively involved in litigation about religion in the schools. On some of the issues discussed in this essay some of the organizations have urged the courts to reach positions different than they did. Though there are signatories on both sides which have and will press for different constitutional treatments of some of the topics discussed, they all agree that the following is an accurate statement of what the law currently is. â€Å"Students have the right to pray individually or in groups or to discuss their religious views with their peers so long as they are not disruptive. Because the Establishment Clause does not apply to purely private speech, students enjoy the right to read their Bibles or other scriptures, say grace before meals, pray before tests, and discuss religion with other willing student listeners. In the classroom students have the right to pray quietly except when required to be actively engaged in school activities (e.g., students may not decide to pray just as a teacher calls on them). In informal settings, such as the cafeteria or in the halls, students may pray either audibly or silently, subj... ... the U.S. Constitution First Amendment religious liberty clauses protect private religious expression but prohibit government action to advance, coerce, or endorse religion in the public schools. The religious liberty clauses apply both to the actions of the school district and the employees of the school district. Me personally I’m atheist. Religion doesn’t bother me unless someone is forcing it to me. Being here at Wunsche High School we have a Christian Club, and last year I heard someone was trying to start a LGBT club, and the Christian club said that god didn’t like gays or others of that sexual preference. Everything now and days offends someone based on something they believe in, they are, or how they were raised. Religion is going to be a problem for as long as it is around. Until that day there isn’t much we can do about the problems that will come from it.

linguistic feature in fairy tale

Once upon a time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..these four little words reverberates in the souls of the children and flies their little mind into the imaginative world of magic, fairies, demons, witches, talking wolf who is always ready to capture small and pretty children in its enthralling and devilish jaws. These words squeeze the heart of the children while taking them into the world of fantasy. These words are the starting point of the fairy tales that children love to hear and enjoys every moment of it. They have a universal appeal and are timeless, though depicting the culture of the time in which they are written. The fairy tales are unique in themselves and their uniqueness lies in the distinctive and thematic appeal with which they carry themselves. Despite their typical approach there is an ample scope for creativity and inculcate within children the values that are landed from generation to generation in their innocent world. Several types of narrative styles and techniques form the part of fairy tails, yet all are distinct especially in the relationship which is developed between writer and audience. The genre lies in teaching the children and adults alike putting them into the textual journey before it starts. The basic characteristic of the fairy tale lies in the approach which the writers take in exploiting the narrative and linguistic features to the full capacity. The traditional folk tales which used to belong to oral traditions used to depend on their exceptional characteristics like prosodic phonology, intonation, the use of pauses, rhythm, the different qualities of voice, as well as on paralinguistic codes, among which gestures, mimicry, eye contact etc. Though written narratives cannot imply all these yet have developed their own independent style of narration. (Bruti, â€Å"Which narrative features†, 1999, para.17) The narrative form is encoded in a linguistic form by the use of the initial/final fixed phrases. (Bruti, â€Å"Which narrative features†, 1999, para.16). The linguistic forms further depend in the genre and on the readers for which they are written. The main role of the linguistic form is to provide information with evidences in form of tales. One of the fixed phrases lies in the tradition of the opening and closing formula, a typical example of which is â€Å"Once upon a time† and â€Å"lived happily ever after†. These expressions associate the closeness between writer and children. It creates enthusiasm among the readers and suspends their disbelief in world of fantasy in which the writer is taking them, for e.g. talking of animals, princess turning into frog unless Prince comes to kiss her and bring her to original human form etc. Besides these ritual formulas, the linguistic features include the maximum use of repetitions for making expressions and for the events to unfold. The repetition helps in the easy understanding of the texts, which reflects the mark of the oral tradition.   Other basic linguistic features are the redundant structures and they also found similarity to the oral narratives.   Ellipsis and co-ordination is the characteristic feature of redundant structure, which evolves due to the fact that writers write the stories from the children angle and organizes the information in such a manner that they brings out the actual knowledge that should be imbibed to the children. The other beauty of the fairly tale is the absence of detailed description. The physical description of characters is given more prominence then going deep into their nature and inner attributes. This is done to give semantic clarity and uniqueness. And in many fairy tales characters never change physically for e.g. If the y are young, they will ever remain young. The author can give in many cases some spatial or temporal information, for e.g. The case of hyperbolic distances like, he rode on a horse for thousands miles. Writers also have full scope for temporal deviations that means they can temporarily deviate from the original path to put the excitement and enthusiasm among the readers with the help of creating the impact of visualizations. Another feature that gives punch to the story is the impulse of the protagonists that is directly heard, and which derives him or her to comment and unfold the events taking place to create the influence on the readers. This feature is called as a Conative function, which according to dictionary means mental process or behavior directed towards action or change and including impulse, desire, volition, and striving. The tenses are used frequently in the narration. The Tenses may be either â€Å"commutative† or â€Å"narrative†: A commutative attitude comes with the involvement of the speaker, and his addressees. Narrative verb brings about detached attitude. Tenses are also classified into two categories, the retrospective, which depicts the past events, and the perspective, which takes the readers to the future. Then the verbs are also used to describe the background actions. In fairy tales, that exclusively needs to be notified is about the content or we call the theme which is ordinary i.e. it shows the reality of the life and reality of the world but its beauty lies in the context of fiction and fantasy where it is fitted which makes it more interesting and enthusiastic for the readers. It implies on the ordinary daily objects too like a mirror in which we look at ourselves. It shows the beauty of the princess but this mirror is used in a Snow White as a magic mirror having powers to show the witch her ugliness and update her about the Snow white. In many fairy tales like in the Danish fantastic tales for children, which as told in , Den fantastiske fortà ¦lling i dansk borne literatur 1967 – 2003 , there is an extensive use of figurative language, specially natural metaphors and playing with the popular phrases and clichà ©s. There is also distinguish between two traditions in fantastic tales, one is content oriented epic tradition and the other is language oriented experimental tradition.   The first trend is more communicative and the second trend included language that is easily grasped and makes an exclusive sense to the readers. There are also linguistic games and digressions, meta-linguistic elements, which more focus on the communicative style but not the content. (Centre for Children's Literature, Denmark). Fairy tales are part of the children's lives, and their world. They immerse in the children the sense of belongingness to the Supernatural elements and rejuvenate their souls and give them encouragement. Though the prince, snow white, little red ridding hood, tough princess are all fictions but are part of the children's life so the language of these fairy tales is the language of the children. References 1. Bruti Silvia, November 1999. Approaching Writing Skills through Fairy Tales, The Internet,   TESL Journal Vol. V, No. 11, (Online). Available:  Ã‚  (11 March 2007) 2. Centre for Children's Literature, Denmark. Center for bornelitteratur. (Online). Available: http://www.cfb.dk/site.aspx?p=766 (11 March 2007) 3. Godard Barbara, 1979. Crawford's Fairy Tales, SCL/ELC Volume 4.1 1979 (Online). Available:   http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol4_1/;filename=godard.htmhttp://ww (11 March 2007) 4. Hà ©bert Louis, 2006. The Functions of Language, in Louis Hà ©bert, (dir.), Signo [on-line]         Ã‚  Ã‚  Rimouski (Quebec), (Online). Available: http://www.signosemio.com. (11 March 2007) ;

Emile Berliner and the History of the Gramophone

Early attempts to design a consumer sound or music playing gadget began in 1877. That year,  Thomas Edison invented his tinfoil phonograph, which played recorded sounds from round cylinders. Unfortunately, the sound quality on the phonograph was bad and each recording only lasted for only one play. Edisons phonograph was followed by Alexander Graham Bells graphophone. The graphophone used wax cylinders, which could be played many times. However, each cylinder had to be recorded separately, making the mass reproduction of the same music or sounds impossible with the graphophone. The Gramophone and  Records On November 8, 1887, Emile Berliner, a German immigrant working in Washington D.C., patented a successful system for sound recording. Berliner was the first inventor to stop recording on cylinders and start recording on flat disks or records. The first records were made of glass. They were then made using  zinc and eventually plastic. A spiral groove with sound information was etched into the flat record. To play sounds and music, the record was rotated on the gramophone. The arm of the gramophone held a needle that read the grooves in the record by vibration and transmitted the information to the gramophone speaker. Berliners disks (records) were the first sound recordings that could be mass-produced by creating master recordings from which molds were made. From each mold, hundreds of disks were pressed. The Gramophone Company Berliner founded The Gramophone Company to mass manufacture his sound disks (records) as well as the gramophone that played them. To help promote his gramophone system, Berliner did a couple of things. First, he persuaded popular artists to record their music using his system. Two famous artists who signed early on with Berliners company were Enrico Caruso and Dame Nellie Melba. The second smart marketing move Berliner made came in 1908 when he used Francis Barrauds painting of His Masters Voice  as his companys official trademark. Berliner later sold the licensing rights to his patent for the gramophone and method of making records to the Victor Talking Machine Company (RCA), which later made the gramophone a successful product in the United States. Meanwhile, Berliner continued doing business in other countries. He founded the Berliner Gram-o-phone Company in Canada, the Deutsche Grammophon in Germany and the U.K based Gramophone Co., Ltd. Berliners legacy also lives on in his trademark, which depicts  a picture of a dog listening to his masters voice being played from a gramophone. The dogs name was Nipper. The Automatic Gramophone   Berliner worked on improving the playback machine with Elridge Johnson. Johnson patented a spring motor for the Berliner gramophone. The motor made the turntable revolve at an even speed and eliminated the need for hand cranking of the gramophone. The trademark  His Masters Voice was passed on to Johnson by Emile Berliner. Johnson began to print it on his Victor record catalogs and then on the paper labels of the disks. Soon, His Masters Voice became one of the best-known trademarks in the world and is still in use today. Work on the Telephone and the Microphone   In 1876, Berliner invented a microphone used as a telephone speech transmitter. At the U.S. Centennial Exposition, Berliner saw a Bell Company telephone demonstrated and was inspired to find ways to improve the newly invented telephone. The Bell Telephone Company was impressed with what the inventor came up with and bought Berliners microphone patent for $50,000. Some of Berliners other inventions include a radial  aircraft  engine,  a helicopter, and acoustical tiles.

Public Sector Ethics Concerns the Moral Requirements of...

INTRODUCTION Government and society cannot promote and enforce ethical behavior solely throughthe utilization of ethical codes of conduct or through the enforcement oflegislation. Communities tend to equate moral values and moral norms with values andnorms, which apply only to personal dealings. Public sector ethics concerns the moral requirements of public servants in that they are paid for and expected to offer the people. In terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996, all government departments are required to be efficient whichincludes observing particular ethical codes of conduct (Raga and Taylor, 2008). In this regard, this essay will be discussing the ethical standards and values expected of public†¦show more content†¦The importance of articulating ethics and the values that define and underpin the public service, cannot be underscored. This is seen as critical to providing both public officials and the public with a common frame of reference regard ing the principles and standards to be applied and in assisting public officials to develop an appreciation of the ethical issues involved in effective and efficient public service delivery (Hondeghem, 1998:30). An example of the importance attached to the above-mentioned ethical principles is found in the Seven Principles of Public Life by the Nolan Committee in the United Kingdom. The principles below, which are set out for the benefit of all who serve the public provide a valuable framework for evaluating recent experience and consider the future. This should be viewed against the background of the distinction between what is and what to be. Selflessness: Public officials should take decisions solely in terms of the public interest. They should not do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family or their friends. Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties. Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including makingShow MoreRelatedInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesprinted on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811257-7 MHID 0-07-811257-5 Vice President Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President, EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether-David Editorial Director: Paul Ducham Managing Developmental Editor: Laura Hurst Spell Developmental Editor: Jane Beck Associate Marketing Manager: Jaime Halteman Project Manager: Erin Melloy Buyer: Kara Kudronowicz Design Coordinator:Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesYork San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: JudyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook

The Writings Of John Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau

The writings of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau have had a significant impact on the controversy of what constitutes legitimate political power. They both believe in man’s natural mortality, and they also state that creating a social contract and legitimate government is necessary to avoid conflict. Both philosophers hold different perspectives and opinions, however they are both concerned with the same question: What renders exercises of a political power legitimate? Rousseau and Locke have several similarities within their theories, but there are also a number of substantial differences. Rousseau’s theory can be viewed as much more absolutist compared to Locke’s, because Rousseau believes that the legitimacy of political power is†¦show more content†¦Thus, the citizens become a collective body called the â€Å"sovereign†, which is considered to be the supreme authority of the state. The sovereign acts based upon the interest of the common g ood, or the â€Å"general will†. The sovereign also exercises their political power through laws, which must ensure equality and liberty. Locke defines political power as â€Å"the right of making laws with penalties of death [†¦] for the regulating and preserving of property [†¦] and in the defence of the common-wealth from foreign injury; and all this only for the public good† (8). However, he makes clear of the fact that a political power without the consent of all individuals, is not legitimate. Locke writes that â€Å"no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent. The only way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society, is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community† (Locke 52). In other words, he says that a political society does not exist unless individuals consensually form into one. John Locke claims that men are naturally born free and equal, however they give up some of their rights to the government in order to preserve their property (64). Governmen ts only exist because of the consent of the people, and they serve the purpose of protecting the rights of individuals in a society, as well as promoting common good. Locke thenShow MoreRelatedThe Political Writings Of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau1772 Words   |  8 PagesThe political writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau focus a great deal of their work discussing various views of the state of nature, and the human nature for the establishment of political authority. These three theorists have many differing opinions of the purpose and reality of the state of nature, the purpose of government and the impact of founders and how men secure their rights. 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By analyzing each philosopher’s ideology, we can identify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of governmentRead MoreA Summary O f John Locke And Jean-Jacques Rousseau1651 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough education† (Norris, 2017, slide 20). John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were two important philosophers of education who showed an actual respect for children and â€Å"wrote treaties that advocated more child-centered, natural approaches for the development and education of the young† (Platz Arellano, 2011, p.54). Although they differed on the nature vs nurture debate, some teaching methods and the education of girls, Locke and Rousseau did agree on many theories and their influence

Essential of Marketing Strategies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Essential of Marketing Strategies. Answer: Introduction Constructing a marketing plan is essential to counter any challenge that might interrupt the expected outcome of the plan. Additionally, amarketing plan contains many essential elements in it; however, all such elements have different scope for different kinds of marketing plan (Krasnikov and Jayachandran 2013). The current study is aimed at online marketing for my fashion clothing organisation. This will need a systematic and a more structured planning to execute as per the expectations and to monitor the tracking of the progress. Marketing plan: Target customers The product chosen for promoting it online is the fashionable kids clothing. The first step will be defining the target customer with the promotion (Morgan 2012). The target customer for the products is definitely the kids; however, the promotion is aimed at attracting the baby boomer group. They are the one who all will purchase the cloths for their kids. Additionally, my organisation sells kids clothing of premium price, therefore the target customers will be upper-middle class in the UK. Selected platform Social media platforms will definitely be used; however, this is important to decide the feasible platform (Truong and Hall 2013). This will help in grab the attention of baby boomers and will help to reach the target audience. Additionally, my organisation will be using online marketing plan through Facebook and Twitter marketing strategy in order to reach the target customers. At present, Facebook is the largest social media site with 2 billion monthly active users and Twitter has 330 million users globally in 2017. Online marketing plan My organisations PR team is going to open social media accounts on Facebook and Twitter. Thereafter, we shall be discussing about the goals and USP of our kids clothing section. Through social media, it would be easier to reach the customers through short videos, images and texts. Facebook and Twitter provide the opportunity to give advertisements on their sites at minimum pricing. As the organisation is in UK, the PR team will research about demographics. Thereafter, the PR needs to choose the schedule of the Facebook and Twitter marketing. This is really important and this should be really attractive in social media pages. Innovation has a big role to play in planning the Ad content. The Ad content will include some connecting words such as yours. This will also include some emotional words such as comforting and relaxing. The Ad content will be full of few images of best selling cloths. This is required to influence the buying behaviour of customers. An Ad containing attractive conveyable messages with some attractive images, status, videos, texts, stories and links do help in grabs the attention of the customers (Smith, Fischer and Yongjian 2012). Engaging the users on Facebook and Twitter is most important thing and my PR team will interact first with the customers and in case, customers ask about any query, the PR team will answer back politely. In order to engage the customers on online marketing plan, it will need to enable the users to talk about the organisation. Moreover, PR team will also use the social media analytic tool in order to make customer satisfy and engage on social media. It is needed to lead the users into customers through social media. Posting the websites link on social media pages can increase the traffic on website. Activities Facebook Twitter Social media site focus Mainly content, images, stories Mainly videos and images Company brand presence Facebook Business Page Profile page (hashtag) Viral brand exposure Likes, comments and share Retweets or follows Impact on web traffic Direct link of website and e-commerce Direct link with content posted Advertising opportunities Facebook ads Premium ads Sponsored ads Promoted tweets Promoted trends Promoted accounts Content posting time Between 1pm 7pm Between 9pm 11pm Table: Social media marketing plan (Source: Self-develop) Budget This is another very important segment of the online marketing for the chosen product. This should be pre-planned in order to bear the expenditures required for the online marketing (Potocan 2016). The cost of online marketing will be approximately around 250 every month. The online marketing will continue till 12 months ever since its start. The cost is mentioned for a single month. Both Facebook and Twitter platforms will be used for 12 months in order to reach the target customers. Monitoring the online marketing campaign The tracking of the performance can be done with the help of some tricks such as assigning coupon or sales codes for placing each advertisement. It is important to measure the conversion rates at the selected social media platforms. This will be calculates based on hits per day. The number of hits per day will definitely tell that whether everything is going as according to the plan or there is a need to bring some changes in the existing ad quality (Ludwig et al. 2013). Moreover, ROI (Return of Investment) tactics can be helpful to understand the conversion rate (Berthon et al. 2012). Moreover, tracking and analysing the online activities can be done by social media analytical tools like Socialbakers, Google Analytics, Buffer, Buffer and others. My organisation will use Hotsuite software in order to engage the customers and to understand the minds of the customers. Approach to gain agreement for the marketing plan At first, building coalition among all the departments is needed and the online marketing plan will be sent to the departments for understanding. Thereafter, the approach to get the agreement on the constructed marketing plan will be to send an approval seeking letter to the senior department of the company. This is required as the required budget and the related resources need a significant investment. An investment can never happen without a proper concern from the companys directors. Additionally, a detailed plan including the expenses and the related activities are needed to be presented to the directors of the company. The marketing plan can never happen without a significant approval from the directors of the company (McDonald and Wilson 2016). The senior marketer needs to create a vision of the marketing plan it is more like a projection to the executive boards. Moreover, the originator of the plan must not leak all the information about the marketing before the presentation. Keeping the plan fresh and delivering the presentation with confidence pulls better chance to approve it. Evaluation measures for the marketing plan There are various ways, which can be used to measure or evaluate the effectiveness of an implemented marketing plan. Those ways include but are not limited to such as Return on Investment (ROI), Brand Value, Customer Satisfaction and Market Share. For the particular online marketing plan, two strategies will be sued to evaluate the effectiveness of it. The first of the strategy is the Brand Value. The purpose behind the online marketing was to get strong responses on the chosen products (Krasnikov and Jayachandran 2013). It all depends on how they execute the plan. This also depends hugely on the companys directors as their supports are utterly required. Their approval will only support the plan with the required funding and the related resources. Moreover, the Ad team needs to be innovative in giving the Ad an attractive look. It is indeed necessary that the Ad is worth grabbing. This simply means that the objective will serve in enhancing the brand recognition into a wider customer base. An online marketing will eventually help in reaching to a wider customer base. Moreover, the number of hit in the different chosen social media platforms for the chosen Ad will define the level of success achieved. The level of brand recognition will define a particular level of success achieved. Another method of evaluation will be the Market Share. An elevated market share will define the differences occurred due to the change marketing strategies. Market shares will only define the elevation when there is a rise in the sales or there is a good response to the chosen product line (Kumar and Mirchandani 2012). Conclusion The fashion clothing organisation has its significance presence in the United Kingdom or in some other parts of world. The company has earned good reputation in the retailing industry. However, the rising competition in the retailing industry for cheaper prices and quality product has created the urgency to have an effective strategy to capture the existing and the other new market with some effective marketing strategies. The study has exactly produced the same outcome. The senior marketing manager in the selected company has planned some effective online marketing strategies for some specifically highly selling products of it. The plan is very effective and so the selected product line. References Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Krasnikov, A. and Jayachandran, S., 2013, May. The relative impact of marketing, research-and-development, and operations capabilities on firm performance. American Marketing Association. Kumar, V. and Mirchandani, R., 2012. Increasing the ROI of social media marketing.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(1), p.55. Ludwig, S., De Ruyter, K., Friedman, M., Brggen, E.C., Wetzels, M. and Pfann, G., 2013. More than words: The influence of affective content and linguistic style matches in online reviews on conversion rates.Journal of Marketing,77(1), pp.87-103. McDonald, M. and Wilson, H., 2016.Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to profit from them. John Wiley Sons. Morgan, N.A., 2012. Marketing and business performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(1), pp.102-119. Potocan, V., 2016. Marketing Capabilities For Innovation-based Competitive Advantage in the Slovenian Market.Journal of Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences,6(1), pp.118-134. Serra, F., Pointon, J. and Abdou, H., 2012. Factors influencing the propensity to export: A study of UK and Portuguese textile firms.International Business Review,21(2), pp.210-224. Smith, A.N., Fischer, E. and Yongjian, C., 2012. How does brand-related user-generated content differ across YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter?.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(2), pp.102-113. Truong, V.D. and Hall, C.M., 2013. Social marketing and tourism: What is the evidence?.Social Marketing Quarterly,19(2), pp.110-135.

What is an ACID transaction free essay sample

ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is a set of database transaction management. For example, a transaction is made from one account to another account; a code first withdraws money from one account and then deposits it into the receiver account. There are two steps in this transaction; however there is possibility of failure. For example, the depositing step could fail while money has already withdrawn from the first account. ACID prevents this kind of failure by ensuring that every step of transaction is done. The ACID features of a database are important in any mission-critical business application; particularly in on-line transaction processing systems. The Atomicity refers the ability of database management system to guarantee that all the transactions have taken place. If some part of the transactions is not preceded then none of the transactions takes place. Atomic transaction ensures that transactions are committed entirely and not partially. Atomicity provides the â€Å"all or nothing† property of transactions which is critical in the database management system. We will write a custom essay sample on What is an ACID transaction? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The implementation of atomicity provides mechanisms to signify which transactions have been started and finished. It also can be implemented by keeping the data’s copy before any changes were made. Consistency makes sure that only valid data is sent to the database. It guarantees that the database is not left half-finished in a transaction. A consistency transaction does not violate any integrity constraints during execution. In this transaction, database is being aborted; if it is left in an illegal state.   If there is a failure in a part of the transaction, all of the changes are cancelled, leaving the database as before the transaction was initiated. Isolation separates transactions from one another; until the whole process is finished. For example, operator in one bank cannot see the transferred funds on both accounts. It can only see one of them. With isolation, the transaction history is being serialized.   This way, multiple transactions that occur at the same time will not give impact each other. It has four levels; serializable, repeatable read, read committed, and read uncommitted. Serializability is where the property of a schedule (history) being serializable. It prevents overlapping of two or several transactions at the same time. In the repeatable read level, the transaction receives read locks on all retrieved data, but does not receive range locks. During read committed level, read locks are acquired on selected data and then released immediately at the end of transaction. In the end, the in read uncommitted step, only one transaction may see uncommitted changes made by other transaction. Durability ensures that the database will keep track of the pending changes allowing server to recover from an abnormal termination. Durability use database backups and transaction logs to facilitate the restoration of committed transactions. Through this mechanism, the transaction can survive system failure including missing transactions. To implement durability, before acknowledging commitment, transaction’s log records are being burn to disk. However, in distributed transaction, all participating servers must know about all the stored data and check the consistency constraints, before commit can be acknowledged. The implementation of ACID is not a simple matter; transaction processing needs a number of small changes to be made, including updating indices, which are used to speed up searches. There is a huge   possibility that this operations sequence turns to fail due to several reasons; for example, it might run out of disk space. As arranging database to perform all these operations at once is a difficult takes; which makes its essential to apply two different techniques; write ahead and shadow paging. The locks are required on all updated information, however it   depends on the implementation of all the current read data.   In write ahead logging, atomicity is guaranteed by making sure that information about all changes is written to log; before it is written to the database. This would allow database to maintain consistency; if there is a system crash. However maintaining large number of locks can also result on substantial overhead or hurting concurrency. The alternative is the multi-version concurrency control. The database is responsible of taking care of some of the copies of any modified data. This way, the user is able to read data without acquiring any locks.   Without ACID system, everyday Internet occurrences; such as buying online products would be difficult; and there would be a huge potential of inaccuracy. Suppose a hundred people are buying the same product on the Internet; the ACID properties makes it possible for the merchant to keep these transactions from overlapping.   This helps the merchant to avoid faulty inventory and account balances. Passing the ACID test means that the appropriate data is safe to be stored, retrieved quickly and can be supported in multiple. It is a must for e-business or Web-based applications.   This is why a lot of companies and individuals apply enterprise-level of database systems, like IBM DB2 ® Universal Database, Oracle 10g, or Microsoft ® SQL Server, which fully compliant with the ACID test. Reference: Sushil Jajodia, Larry Kerschberg, (1997). Advanced Transaction Models and Architectures. Springer. Chapple, M (2002, Dec 13.). The ACID Model. Retrieved May 15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007, from http://databases.about.com/od/specificproducts/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a/acid.htm